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Abstract: This paper investigates the feasibility of different off-grid renewable energy-based electrification options for an informal settlement in Windhoek, Namibia, where access to electricity is limited. It presents a techno-economic comparison between two electrification schemes: one that involves installing solar home systems (SHSs) to each household, and another that involves supplying power from a centralized hybrid microgrid. The microgrid can be either roof-mounted or ground-mounted, depending on the availability of space and land ownership. The hybrid microgrid consists of a combination of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, a diesel generator, and batteries for energy storage. The objective of this study is to find an optimal energy system that meets the technical requirements and user preferences at a minimum levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and net present cost (NPC). LCOE is the average cost per unit of electricity generated by the system over its lifetime, while NPC is the total present value of all the costs incurred by the system over its lifetime. Sensitivity analyses are performed on the ground-mounted microgrid to evaluate the impact of varying key parameters such as diesel fuel price, load demand, and solar PV module cost on the system performance and costs. HOMER Pro software is used for system sizing and optimization based on hourly data. The results show that for both electrification schemes, a hybrid system comprising a solar PV array, a diesel generator, and batteries offers the lowest NPC and LCOE compared to other renewable energy sources such as wind turbines. The LCOE for the smallest residential load of 1.7 kWh/day and the largest microgrid load of 5.5 MWh/day is USD 0.443/kWh and USD 0.380/kWh, respectively. The corresponding NPCs are USD 4738 and USD 90.8 million. A sensitivity analysis reveals that the system costs and capacities change linearly with the variation in the fuel price and load demand. However, reducing the PV module price in an energy system that includes wind and diesel power sources does not offer significant benefits in terms of lowering the LCOE or NPC. Furthermore, deploying an energy system that relies heavily on fossil fuels to each residence in an informal settlement is not environmentally responsible, as it may cause air pollution, noise pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions from the mass and simultaneous use of diesel generators. Therefore, a microgrid is recommended for its ability to control the dispatch of diesel generation according to the renewable energy availability and load demand, and its advantages in terms of scalability, reliability of supply, and property security. A roof-mounted microgrid can be considered for piloting due to its lower initial investment compared to a ground-mounted microgrid. However, the electricity tariff also needs to be subsidized by the government or other stakeholders to make it affordable to end-users who have low incomes. Equally, government and community involvement should be prioritized to achieve long-term economic sustainability of the microgrid through proper operation and maintenance.Keywords: hybrid energy system; techno-economic analysis; off-grid electrification; microgrid; informal settlement; HOMER Pro; levelized cost of energy; net present cost; case study 061ffe29dd